In addition, Natsuo Yamaguchi, leader of the New Komeito Party, LDP's coalition partner, reminded Abe recently that he should give special consideration to Japan's relations with China when he draws up his schedule for Aug 15, the anniversary of Japan's surrender to the Allies in World War II. Analysts believe that Yamaguchi was dropping a hint that Abe should not visit the Yasukuni Shrine, which honors World War II criminals.

Although, on the whole, Japan seems to be moving to the right, there are still many pragmatic and far-sighted government officials and experts who are worried that Abe's remarks and actions aimed at whitewashing Japan's wartime atrocities will isolate Japan in Asia and invite countermeasures from China and other countries in the region, thus harming Japan's interests.

The second domestic problem Japan faces is the economy. To unite some Asian countries to contain China, Japan has to reward them with technical assistance and loans. But its sluggish economy and shrinking budget will prevent Abe from doing so.

On the international front, China and the United States are the main constraints for Abe in his quest to fulfill his rightist agenda. Since 2009, China has been Japan's largest trading partner and largest export market. But despite sharing the economic dividends brought about by China's economic development, Japan is determined to contain and delay China's peaceful rise.

Obviously, Abe's double standards will escalate tensions. After Japan announced that it was "nationalizing" the Diaoyu Islands, its political relations with China deteriorated, harming bilateral economic and trade relations in the process. If the Abe government continues to act tough, Japan's economic and trade relations with China will continue to suffer and thus deal a heavy blow to Abe's economic revival efforts.

Although Washington and Tokyo both believe that the US-Japan alliance is the cornerstone of security and stability in the Asia-Pacific region, the alliance is not between two equals. The US hopes Japan would play a more active role in furthering its strategic "pivot to Asia" policy to help maintain its dominance in East Asia. But at the same time, the US will prevent Japan from turning into a loose cannon.

Washington does not want to see the worsening of Sino-Japanese relations nor does it want to get into the quagmire of a Sino-Japanese conflict and harm its own interests. Therefore, the US will not let Abe's hard-line policy toward China to go unchecked. Japan's real intention is to enhance its global status by being a part of the US-led efforts to contain China's rise.

The other constraints Abe faces are ASEAN member states. Besides riding piggyback on the US to contain China, Abe also wants to draw ASEAN member states over to his side. But ASEAN member states only want certain economic and technical assistance and other practical benefits from their cooperation with Japan. They are not interested in ganging up with Japan to contain China, because they have been benefiting from China's rapid economic growth.

As some American scholars have said, in the short term, Abe will act tough on China, especially after winning the upper house election, by further glorifying Japan's militaristic past and denying there is a territorial dispute with Beijing. But considering the range of domestic and international constraints he faces - and to maintain political stability, realize the promised 4 percent yearly growth and lift the country out of years of deflation - Abe will have to return to cooperation and engagement with China.

The authors are researchers at the Institute of Japan Studies, Nankai University.

(China Daily 07/23/2013 page9)